If you are not familiar with modules, check out Ansible - Getting Started with Modules.

The filesystem module can be used to configure a partition to use a certain file system, such as XFS, EXT4, or LVM.

AVOID TROUBLE

The modification of a file system can only be done by root or by users or groups that have been granted sudo access, thus you'll want to either run this playbook as root, use the remote_user: root directive or use become.

The following playbook would set the /dev/sdb1 partition to have the LVM filesystem.

---
- hosts: all
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: set /dev/sdb1 file system to LVM
      filesystem:
        dev: /dev/sdb1
        fstype: lvm
...

opts can be used to include optional options, such as the -c (faster) or -cc (slow) flags to check for bad blocks before creating the filesystem.

---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: set /dev/sdb1 file system to LVM
      filesystem:
        dev: /dev/sdb1
        fstype: lvm
        opts: -cc
...

Ansible does not have a module that can be used to verify the file system type of a block device. For this reason, the shell module can be used to run the file command with the --special-files and --dereference flags to return the file system type.

---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: determine the file system type for /dev/sdb1
      shell: file --special-files --deference /dev/sdb1
      register: out

    - name: return file system type
      debug:
        var: out
...

Which should return something like this.

TASK [return file system type] 
ok: [server1.example.com] => {
    "msg": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "file --special-files --dereference /dev/sdb1",
        "delta": "0:00:00.009100",
        "end": "2021-07-13 03:11:04.371306",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": 0,
        "start": "2021-07-13 03:11:04.362206",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "/dev/sdb1: SGI XFS filesystem data (blksz 4096, inosz 512, v2 dirs)",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "/dev/sdb1: SGI XFS filesystem data (blksz 4096, inosz 512, v2 dirs)"
        ]
    }
}

Better yet, the split filter can be used to return only the filesystem type.

---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: determine the file system type for /dev/sdb1
      shell: file --special-files --deference /dev/sdb1
      register: out

    - name: return file system type
      debug:
        msg: "{{ out.stdout.split(' ')[2] }}"
...

Which should now return just the following.

TASK [return file system type]
ok: [server1.example.com] => {
    "msg": "XFS"
}

Or the blkid command.

---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: determine the file system type for /dev/sdb1
      shell: blkid /dev/sdb1
      register: out

    - name: return file system type
      debug:
        var: out
...

Which should return something like this.

TASK [return file system type]
ok: [server1.example.com] => {
    "out": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "blkid /dev/sdb1",
        "delta": "0:00:00.004848",
        "end": "2021-07-13 03:00:30.533478",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": 0,
        "start": "2021-07-13 03:00:30.528630",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "/dev/sdb1: UUID=\"f32f2c5c-e600-48bb-8847-357cf5ec562c\" BLOCK_SIZE=\"512\" TYPE=\"xfs\"",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "/dev/sdb1: UUID=\"f32f2c5c-e600-48bb-8847-357cf5ec562c\" BLOCK_SIZE=\"512\" TYPE=\"xfs\""
        ]
    }
}

The split and regex_replace filters can be used to return only the file system type.

---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: determine the file system type for /dev/sdb1
      shell: blkid /dev/sdb1
      register: out

    - name: return out
      debug:
        msg: "{{ out.stdout.split(' ')[3] | regex_replace('TYPE=\"', '') | regex_replace('\"', '') }}"
...

Which should now return just the following.

TASK [return file system type]
ok: [server1.example.com] => {
    "msg": "xfs"
}